History: Our Past

This section focuses on the ancient history of India and provides a glimpse into the life and culture of early civilizations.

1. What, Where, How, and When?
   • Introduction to history and how historians study the past.
   • Importance of dates and sources of history (archaeological and literary sources).
2. From Hunting–Gathering to Growing Food
   • Early human societies and their transition from hunting-gathering to settled agricultural communities.
   • Development of tools, domestication of animals, and early farming techniques.
3. In the Earliest Cities
   • Study of the first urban settlements in India, particularly the Harappan Civilization (Indus Valley Civilization).
   • Town planning, trade, social life, and the decline of the Harappan cities.
4. What Books and Burials Tell Us
   • Early Vedic literature and the significance of burial practices.
   • Overview of the Rigveda and its importance in understanding early Indian society.
5. Kingdoms, Kings, and an Early Republic
   • Rise of early kingdoms and republics in ancient India.
   • Study of Mahajanapadas and the concept of kingship, governance, and administration.
6. New Questions and Ideas
   • Introduction to new religious and philosophical ideas, including Buddhism and Jainism.
   • Teachings of Buddha and Mahavira and their influence on society.
7. Ashoka, the Emperor Who Gave Up War
   • Life and reign of Emperor Ashoka.
   • Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread the religion.
8. Vital Villages, Thriving Towns
   • Growth of villages and towns during ancient times.
   • Study of agriculture, crafts, trade, and urbanization in ancient India.
9. Traders, Kings, and Pilgrims
   • Development of trade routes, both inland and maritime.
   • Spread of religion, culture, and ideas through traders, kings, and pilgrims.
10. New Empires and Kingdoms
    • The rise of new empires and kingdoms after the fall of the Mauryan Empire.
    • Overview of the Gupta Empire and its contributions to Indian culture.
11. Buildings, Paintings, and Books
    • Study of the architecture, art, and literature of ancient India.
    • Famous buildings like the Ajanta and Ellora caves, and the contributions of ancient Indian scholars.

Geography: The Earth Our Habitat

This section introduces students to basic geographical concepts and the physical features of the Earth.

1. The Earth in the Solar System
   • Overview of the solar system, planets, and the Earth's unique position.
   • Study of the moon, stars, and other celestial bodies.
2. Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes
   • Understanding the globe, including the equator, tropics, and the significance of latitudes and longitudes.
   • Concept of time zones and the International Date Line.
3. Motions of the Earth
   • Study of the Earth's rotation and revolution.
   • Explanation of day and night, seasons, and the concept of leap year.
4. Maps
   • Introduction to maps, types of maps, and their importance.
   • Understanding map symbols, scales, and directions.
5. Major Domains of the Earth
   • Study of the four major domains: lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (life).
   • Interaction between these domains and their importance.
6. Major Landforms of the Earth
   • Overview of various landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains, deserts, and rivers.
   • Formation and characteristics of these landforms.
7. Our Country – India
   • Introduction to the geographical features of India.
   • Study of India's physical divisions, such as the Northern Mountains, Northern Plains, Plateau Region, Coastal Plains, and Islands.
8. India: Climate, Vegetation, and Wildlife
   • Overview of India's climate zones, natural vegetation, and wildlife.
   • Importance of conserving India's biodiversity.

Social and Political Life: Civics

This section focuses on the basics of political science and social structures, helping students understand the functioning of society and government.

1. Understanding Diversity
   • Concept of diversity and the unity in India's diversity.
   • Importance of respecting differences and fostering inclusiveness.
2. Diversity and Discrimination
   • Study of discrimination and inequality in society.
   • Understanding prejudice, stereotypes, and the need for equality.
3. What is Government?
   • Introduction to the concept of government and its functions.
   • Different forms of government: monarchy, democracy, and dictatorship.
4. Key Elements of a Democratic Government
   • Study of the key features of democracy, including participation, accountability, and equality.
   • Role of citizens in a democracy.
5. Panchayati Raj
   • Overview of the Panchayati Raj system in India.
   • Structure and functions of Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat, and the importance of local self-government.
6. Rural Administration
   • Introduction to the administrative setup in rural areas.
   • Role of police, patwari, and the revenue department in rural administration.
7. Urban Administration
   • Study of the administrative setup in urban areas.
   • Role of municipal corporations, ward councillors, and municipal officials.
8. Rural Livelihoods
   • Understanding different types of livelihoods in rural India, such as farming, fishing, and handicrafts.
   • Challenges faced by rural communities and the importance of sustainable development.
9. Urban Livelihoods
   • Overview of different types of livelihoods in urban areas, including employment in industries, services, and informal sectors.
   • Issues related to urbanization, such as unemployment, housing, and social services.