Physics

1. Light: Reflection and Refraction

• Reflection of Light: Study of the laws of reflection, image formation by plane mirrors, and spherical mirrors (concave and convex).
• Refraction of Light: Understanding refraction through various mediums, Snell's law, and the refractive index.
• Lenses: Study of image formation by convex and concave lenses, lens formula, magnification, and applications in devices like magnifying glasses and cameras.
• Dispersion and Scattering of Light: Understanding the dispersion of light (prism), scattering of light (Tyndall effect), and atmospheric phenomena like the blue sky and red sunsets.

2. Human Eye and the Colourful World

• Structure of the Human Eye: Basic anatomy of the eye, functioning of various parts, and the process of vision.
• Defects of Vision: Understanding common eye defects such as myopia, hypermetropia, and presbyopia, and their correction using lenses.
• Refraction Through a Prism: Study of the dispersion of light through a prism, and the formation of the spectrum.
• Natural Phenomena: Explanation of natural phenomena like the rainbow, scattering of light, and the color of the sky.

3. Electricity

• Electric Current and Circuit: Understanding electric current, potential difference, Ohm's law, and the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
• Resistors in Series and Parallel: Study of resistors connected in series and parallel, and the calculation of equivalent resistance.
• Heating Effect of Electric Current: Understanding the heating effect, its applications in devices like electric irons and heaters, and the concept of electrical power.
• Electric Power: Calculation of electric power, energy consumption, and the concept of kilowatt-hour.

4. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

• Magnetic Field and Field Lines: Understanding the concept of a magnetic field, field lines around a bar magnet, and the Earth's magnetic field.
• Magnetic Field Due to Current: Study of the magnetic field around a straight conductor, circular loop, and solenoid.
• Electromagnetic Induction: Introduction to electromagnetic induction, Fleming’s right-hand rule, and its applications in generators and transformers.
• Domestic Electric Circuits: Overview of household electric circuits, safety measures, and the concept of earthing.

5. Sources of Energy

• Conventional Sources: Study of conventional sources of energy like fossil fuels, thermal power, and hydropower.
• Non-Conventional Sources: Introduction to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal energy.
• Environmental Consequences: Understanding the environmental impact of energy production and the need for sustainable energy practices.
• Nuclear Energy: Basic concepts of nuclear energy, nuclear reactors, and the challenges associated with nuclear waste disposal.

Chemistry

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations

• Types of Chemical Reactions: Study of different types of chemical reactions such as combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions.
• Balancing Chemical Equations: Learning to balance chemical equations to follow the law of conservation of mass.
• Effects of Oxidation and Reduction: Understanding oxidation and reduction reactions and their effects in daily life, such as corrosion and rancidity.

2. Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Acids and Bases: Understanding the properties of acids and bases, pH scale, and indicators like litmus and phenolphthalein.
• Chemical Properties: Study of the reactions of acids and bases with metals, non-metals, and each other.
• Salts: Formation of salts, their properties, and common examples like sodium chloride, baking soda, and washing soda.
• Importance of pH in Everyday Life: Exploring the importance of pH in various fields like agriculture, medicine, and environmental science.

3. Metals and Non-Metals

• Physical and Chemical Properties: Differentiating between metals and non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties.
• Reactivity Series: Understanding the reactivity series of metals and its implications in displacement reactions.
• Corrosion: Study of the process of corrosion, its prevention, and its effects on metals like iron (rusting).
• Extraction of Metals: Overview of the extraction processes of metals, including ore concentration, reduction, and refining.

4. Carbon and its Compounds

• Bonding in Carbon: Understanding the bonding in carbon (covalent bonds) and the versatile nature of carbon.
• Hydrocarbons: Study of saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes) hydrocarbons, and their chemical properties.
• Functional Groups: Introduction to functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
• Important Carbon Compounds: Overview of important carbon compounds such as ethanol and ethanoic acid, and their uses in daily life.
• Soaps and Detergents: Understanding the chemical nature of soaps and detergents and their cleansing action.

5. Periodic Classification of Elements

• Early Attempts at Classification: Overview of early classification attempts such as Dobereiner’s triads, Newlands’ law of octaves, and Mendeleev’s periodic table.
• Modern Periodic Table: Study of the modern periodic table based on atomic number, and the classification of elements into groups and periods.
• Trends in the Periodic Table: Understanding the trends in the periodic table such as atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, and metallic/non-metallic character.

Biology

1. Life Processes

• Nutrition: Study of different modes of nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic), and the process of photosynthesis and digestion in humans.
• Respiration: Understanding aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and the human respiratory system.
• Transportation: Study of the transport of water and nutrients in plants (xylem and phloem), and the circulatory system in humans.
• Excretion: Understanding the process of excretion in humans and plants, and the structure and function of the human excretory system.

2. Control and Coordination

• Nervous System: Study of the human nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Reflex Action: Understanding reflex actions, reflex arcs, and their significance in protecting the body.
• Hormones: Overview of the endocrine system and the role of hormones in regulating body functions.
• Coordination in Plants: Study of plant movements (tropism) and the role of plant hormones in growth and development.

3. How do Organisms Reproduce?

• Reproduction: Understanding the modes of reproduction (asexual and sexual) in plants and animals.
• Human Reproductive System: Study of the human male and female reproductive systems, fertilization, and childbirth.
• Reproductive Health: Overview of reproductive health, contraception methods, and the importance of family planning.
• Heredity and Evolution: Basic concepts of heredity, Mendel’s laws, and the principles of evolution.

4. Heredity and Evolution

• Mendelian Genetics: Study of Mendel’s experiments on pea plants, laws of inheritance, and the concept of dominant and recessive traits.
• Evolution: Understanding the theory of evolution, natural selection, and the evidence supporting evolution.
• Speciation: Study of speciation, genetic drift, and the role of geographical isolation in the evolution of new species.
• Human Evolution: Overview of human evolution, the fossil record, and the emergence of Homo sapiens.

5. Our Environment

• Ecosystem: Understanding the structure and function of ecosystems, food chains, and food webs.
• Biodiversity: Study of biodiversity, its importance, and the need for conservation.
• Waste Management: Understanding the types of waste (biodegradable and non-biodegradable), and methods for managing waste.
• Environmental Issues: Overview of environmental issues like pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, and the impact of human activities on the environment.

6. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

• Conservation of Resources: Study of the sustainable use of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, and coal.
• Management of Resources: Understanding the importance of managing resources for future generations.
• Water Harvesting: Overview of traditional and modern water harvesting techniques and their importance in water conservation.
• Sustainable Development: Introduction to the concept of sustainable development and its significance in balancing economic growth and environmental protection.