1. Nutrition in Plants and Animals

• Nutrition in Plants:
  • Photosynthesis: Understanding how plants make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
  • Other Modes of Nutrition: Introduction to parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic relationships in plants.
• Nutrition in Animals:
  • Digestive System: Study of the human digestive system, including the process of digestion and the role of various organs.
  • Nutrition in Ruminants: Understanding how animals like cows digest food, including the concept of rumination.
  • Balanced Diet: Importance of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals for the human body.

2. Respiration in Organisms

• Respiration: Differentiating between breathing and respiration, understanding aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• Human Respiratory System: Study of the human respiratory system, including the structure and function of the lungs.
• Respiration in Animals: Exploring how different animals breathe, including through gills, skin, and lungs.

3. Transportation in Animals and Plants

• Circulatory System in Humans: Structure and function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Excretory System in Humans: Understanding the process of excretion and the role of kidneys.
• Transportation in Plants: Study of how water, minerals, and food are transported in plants, including the role of xylem and phloem.

4. Reproduction in Plants

• Modes of Reproduction: Introduction to asexual (vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation) and sexual reproduction in plants.
• Pollination: Understanding the process of pollination, types of pollination, and the role of pollinators.
• Fertilization: Study of the fertilization process and the formation of seeds and fruits.
• Seed Dispersal: Methods of seed dispersal and its importance in plant reproduction.

5. Fibre to Fabric

• Natural Fibres: Study of plant-based (cotton, jute) and animal-based (wool, silk) fibres.
• Processing of Fibres: Understanding how fibres are processed into fabric, including the steps of spinning, weaving, and knitting.
• Synthetic Fibres: Introduction to synthetic fibres like polyester and nylon and their properties.

6. Heat

• Temperature and Heat: Understanding the difference between heat and temperature, and how temperature is measured.
• Transfer of Heat: Study of conduction, convection, and radiation as methods of heat transfer.
• Effects of Heat: Understanding how heat causes expansion, changes of state, and its applications in daily life.

7. Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Properties of Acids and Bases: Understanding the properties and uses of acids and bases, and identifying them using indicators like litmus paper.
• Neutralization Reaction: Study of the reaction between acids and bases to form salt and water.
• Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts: Exploring the role of these substances in everyday life, including in food, medicine, and industry.

8. Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical Changes: Understanding reversible changes like melting, freezing, and dissolving.
• Chemical Changes: Study of irreversible changes involving chemical reactions, including examples like rusting and burning.
• Conservation of Mass: Introduction to the concept that mass is conserved during a chemical reaction.

9. Weather, Climate, and Adaptations of Animals

• Weather and Climate: Differentiating between weather and climate, understanding factors that influence climate.
• Climate Zones: Study of different climate zones (tropical, temperate, polar) and how they affect living organisms.
• Adaptations: Understanding how animals adapt to different climates, including structural and behavioral adaptations.

10. Soil

• Formation of Soil: Understanding the process of soil formation and the role of weathering of rocks.
• Types of Soil: Study of different soil types (clay, sandy, loamy) and their properties.
• Soil Profile: Exploring the layers of soil, including topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock.
• Soil and Crops: Understanding the relationship between soil types and the types of crops grown.

11. Water: A Precious Resource

• Water Cycle: Detailed study of the water cycle, including processes like evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
• Conservation of Water: Importance of water conservation, methods to conserve water, and the concept of rainwater harvesting.
• Depletion of Water Table: Understanding the causes and consequences of the depletion of the water table.

12. Forests: Our Lifeline

• Structure of a Forest: Study of the different layers of a forest (canopy, understory, forest floor) and the biodiversity it supports.
• Importance of Forests: Understanding the role of forests in maintaining ecological balance, including their role in the carbon cycle, oxygen production, and as a habitat for wildlife.
• Conservation of Forests: Importance of conserving forests and methods to prevent deforestation.

13. Wastewater Story

• Sewage and Its Treatment: Understanding what sewage is, the need for sewage treatment, and how wastewater is treated.
• Sanitation and Disease: Connection between sanitation, cleanliness, and health, including the impact of poor sanitation on public health.
• Waste Management: Introduction to methods of waste management, including reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.